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Title: Stories from Aulus Gellius
       Being Selections And Adaptations From The Noctes Atticae

Author: Aulus Gellius

Editor: G. H. Nall

Release Date: June 21, 2008 [EBook #25861]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES FROM AULUS GELLIUS ***




Produced by Louise Hope, Anna Tuinman, Ted Garvin and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Elementary Classics.

STORIES FROM

AULUS GELLIUS,

BEING SELECTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS FROM THE

NOCTES ATTICAE,

EDITED WITH NOTES EXERCISES AND VOCABULARIES
FOR THE USE OF LOWER FORMS

BY THE

REV. G. H. NALL, M.A.,

ASSISTANT MASTER AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.

London:

MACMILLAN AND CO.,

AND NEW YORK.

1888.

PREFACE.

It is hoped that this series of short stories from A. Gellius may serve as a pleasant change to young boys after a course of Cornelius Nepos, Eutropius, etc. The language of the original has been simplified in parts, and some rare or late words and constructions cut out. The Notes have been made, with few exceptions, as short as possible; a few more lengthy digressions, such as those upon the ablative absolute and the gerundial constructions, will need no apology, if they succeed in leading boys to think out for themselves the difficulties which these constructions present. Some simple Exercises have been added at the request of the Publishers, and for these an English-Latin Vocabulary has been compiled. In this Vocabulary the words are arranged in alphabetical order, since the Exercises are intended principally for viva voce drill in form, and the Editor’s experience does not confirm the vi theory of some Editors, that a boy’s knowledge of a language is increased in proportion to the time that he spends in hunting for words that he does not know; he considers that the “paragraph” vocabulary makes the lazy boy take refuge in guessing, whilst it wastes the time of the industrious boy.

The Editor acknowledges his obligations to the Latin Grammars of Dr. Kennedy and Mr. Roby, and to Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries of Biography and Antiquities, and to similar works which lie at every schoolmaster’s elbow.

CONTENTS.

I
AULUS GELLIUS.

Nothing is known about the life of A. Gellius beyond what can be gathered from occasional hints in his own writings; it has even been disputed whether his name was Agellius or A. Gellius. Probably he was a Roman by birth, of good family and connections. He seems to have spent his early years at Rome, studying under the celebrated teachers, Sulpicius Apollinaris, T. Castricius, and Antonius Julianus (cf. xxxiv. 1): to have continued his studies at Athens, where he lived on terms of familiarity with Herodes Atticus, Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus Proteus, and other famous philosophers of that day: and after the lapse of many years to have returned to Rome, and devoted the remaining years of his life to literary pursuits and the society of a large circle of friends. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but from the names of his teachers and friends it is certain that he lived during the reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, 117-180 A.D.

The only work of A. Gellius that has reached us, possibly the only one that he wrote, is the “Noctes Atticae,” so called because it was begun during the long nights of winter in a country house in Attica (longinquis per hiemen noctibus in agro terrae Atticae). It consists of numerous extracts from Greek and Roman writers on subjects connected with history, philosophy, philology, and antiquities, illustrated by abundant criticisms and discussions. These extracts are thrown together without any attempt at order or arrangement, and divided into twenty books. He had been accustomed whilst reading, he says, to make notes upon anything which struck him as worth remembering. These notes he embodied with little change in his work, in the same haphazard order in which they had been made (usi autem sumus ordine rerum fortuito quem antea in excerpendo feceramus).

Naturally the various parts of such a ‘Miscellany’ vary greatly in quality. Some portions of it are highly valuable and interesting. For instance, many quotations are preserved from ancient authors whose works have perished, some of which throw light upon questions of constitutional and antiquarian interest, which would otherwise have remained obscure; many literary and historical anecdotes are given which are valuable in themselves; and some important grammatical usages and theories are noted. But the xi author’s appetite was omnivorous. He is as eager to tell the story of a marvellous African serpent, 120 feet in length, whose destruction required the utmost efforts of a whole Roman army, with their ballistae and catapultae (magna totius exercitus conflictione, ballistis atque catapultis diu oppugnatum. —N. A. vii. 3), or to discuss some absurd etymology, such as that of avarus from avidus aeris, as to preserve some really valuable detail of senatorial procedure, or record the use and origin of obscure constitutional phrases. His own criticisms, moreover, are as a rule worthless, and his translations are feeble; but in spite of all these defects his work is exceedingly interesting, and we could ill afford to lose it.

His Latin style shows the defects of his age, an age in which the Romans had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words which they used, and endeavoured to gain emphasis by employing obscure phrases and unnatural turns of expression. But these peculiarities are even more noticeable in the writings of his contemporaries.

NOTES.

I.

1. P. Vergilius Maro, the greatest of Roman epic poets, was born 70 B.C. near Mantua, in the N. of Italy, and died 19 B.C. at Brundusium, in the S.E. of Italy. His chief works were the Būcŏlĭcă (βου-κολέω , I tend cattle), or Eclŏgae (‘Selections,’ from ἐκ-λέγω, I choose out), a series of short poems, chiefly pastoral; the Gĕorgĭcă (γῆ ἔργον), a poetical treatise on agriculture; and the Aenēïs, or story of Aenēas, a poem in twelve books, relating the adventures of Aeneas after the fall of Troy. 

2. se parere versus, ‘that he produced his verses like a bear,’ lit. ‘in a bear-like manner.’

părĕre, from părio. Distinguish three words, (1) păro, -avi, -atum, -are, ‘I prepare,’ (2) pāreo, -ui, -itum, -ēre, ‘I obey,’ gov. dat. case, (3) părio, pĕpĕri, partum, or parĭtum, -ĕre, ‘I bring forth.’

3. lambendo, abl. of the gerund, ‘by licking it’; so tractando corrigendoque, ‘by polishing and correcting them.’

5. partus, nom. pl., best translated by the English sing., ‘the offspring of...’

6. reddo, compound of re and do. Rĕd is used for re in redămo, redarguo, reddo, redeo, redhibeo, redigo, redimo, redoleo, redundo. In composition the re is short except in ... rēligio (often spelt relligio), rēliquiae (often spelt relliquiae), and the perfects of rĕpello, rĕperio, and rĕfero, viz., rēpuli (or reppuli), rēperi (or repperi), and rētuli (or rettuli). Rēfert, the impersonal verb, ‘it concerns,’ is a compound of res-fert: rĕfero, 34 makes 3rd sing, rĕfert. Re or red in composition has two principal meanings, (1) ‘back’ or ‘backward,’ as redeo, ‘I go back,’ (2) ‘again,’ as reficio, ‘I make again, repair.’ It also frequently denotes (3) ‘duty’ or ‘obligation,’ so reddo here means ‘I give as is due,’ ‘render.’

II.

1. Menander (342-291 B.C.), an Athenian comic poet, famous as the model of Roman dramatists, especially Terence.

Philemon, also an Athenian comic poet, the contemporary and rival of Menander.

2. in certaminibus comoediarum. In Athens dramas were represented at the great festivals in honour of Dionysus, at which “every citizen was present, as a matter of course, from daybreak to sunset” (Donaldson). Judges were appointed by lot to decide upon the merits of the rival plays. The successful poet was crowned with ivy, and his name was proclaimed before the audience.

ambitus, ‘bribery,’ from ambio; properly a ‘going round’ to canvass for votes, etc., especially by bribery. Ambitio, from the same verb, is used both in this sense and also as ‘a desire for power,’ etc., our ‘ambition.’

4. quaeso, used parenthetically like our ‘pray!’

bonâ veniâ, ‘apologizing for the question’; lit. ‘with your good leave...’ i.e. ‘pardon me, but...’

5. nonne introduces a question expecting the answer ‘Yes,’ e.g. nonne erubescis, ‘do you not blush?’ Num introduces a question expecting the answer ‘No,’ e.g. num erubescis, ‘you do not blush, do you?’ -ne is used when the answer is doubtful, e.g. erubescisne, ‘do you blush?’

erubesco. The termination -sco shows that the verb is inceptive or inchoative, i.e. denotes the beginning (inceptum) of an action or state. Such verbs are always of the 3rd conjugation, and form their perfects and supines (if they have supines, but in most inceptives the supine is wanting) from the simple verb or stem from which they spring, e.g. pallesco (from palleo), pallui, (no supine), pallescere, I begin to grow pale; vĕtĕrasco (from old form vĕter, classical vĕtus, -ĕris), -ravi, no sup., veterascĕre, ‘I grow old.’

III.

1. Aristoteles, the Greek philosopher, was born at Stagīra, in Macedonia, 384 B.C. He lived for twenty years at Athens, where he was a pupil of Plato; afterwards he returned to Macedonia, and became the tutor of Alexander. When Alexander succeeded to the throne, Aristotle again went to Athens and taught philosophy for 13 years in the Lyceum, a gymnasium sacred to Apollo Lyceus. He died in 322 B.C. at Chalcis in Euboea. Many of his writings upon logic, moral and political philosophy, natural history, etc., have reached us.

Plutarchus was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia about 50 A.D. He came to Rome at an early age, and spent many years there and in other parts of Italy. In his old age he returned to Chaeronea, where he died at an unknown date. His works were written in Greek: the most famous of them is the Parallel Lives of forty-six Greeks and Romans, arranged in pairs, a Greek and a Roman together (e.g. Alexander and Caesar, Demosthenes and Cicero), the life of each pair being followed by a short discussion of their comparative merits.

hercle is a nominative form; the similar exclamations mehercules, mehercule, mehercle, hercules, hercule, and hercle are all abbreviations for ‘me Hercules juvet!’ ‘may Hercules help me!’ Cf. the interjectional phrase, ‘medius fidius,’ for ‘me deus Fidius juvet’, ‘so help me the God of Faith!’

2. si super ..., the order is ‘si imponis magna pondera super lignum palmae arboris.’

3. non deorsum, the wood does not yield and bend inwards beneath the weight, but rises up against it and bends outwards.

6. urgentibus opprimentibusque, dat. after cedit, ‘it does not yield to....’

IV.

1. Socrates was born at Athens 469 B.C. His father was a statuary, and in early life Socrates followed the same profession, but he soon abandoned it and devoted himself entirely to philosophy. He did not follow the usual custom of giving public lectures or opening a school, but went about in the city talking to men wherever he met them, and endeavouring to awake in them a love of true knowledge. By his attacks upon 36 the popular theories and his free discussion of religious questions he roused a strong antagonism; at last he was impeached on the three charges of corrupting the Athenian youth, despising the gods of the State, and introducing new deities, and was executed by a draught of hemlock poison, 399 B.C. He left no written works, so that our knowledge of him is derived from the writings of his pupils and contemporaries, chiefly Plato and Xenophon.

3. iris ... scatebat, lit. ‘bubbled over with,’ ‘overflowed with ...’ Cf. Hor. Od. iii. 27, 26, ‘scatentem beluis pontum,’ ‘the ocean teeming with monsters’; and Aulus Gellius, N. A. l. 15, uses ‘scatere verbis.’

quam rem ... demiratus, ‘having expressed his astonishment at this fact to her husband Socrates.’

4. Alcibiades, 450-404 B.C., was a brilliant but unprincipled Athenian statesman, who became famous during the Peloponnesian war. He enjoyed the friendship of Socrates, was saved by Socrates at the battle of Potidaea, 432 B.C., and saved the life of Socrates at the battle of Delium, 424 B.C.

5. ăcerbum, ăcer-bus from ācer, as sŭper-bus from sŭper. Usually words retain the quantity of the word from which they are derived, but there are many exceptions, e.g. hŏmo and hūmanus, nōtus and cog-nĭtus, so rex, gen. rēgis, but rĕgo, dux, gen. dŭcis, but dūco.

7. insuesco. Cf. note on erubesco, ii. 5.

exerceor, in a middle sense, ‘I exercise myself.’ Cf. faciunt idem, cum exercentur, athletae (Cic. Tusc. ii. 23, 56), ‘athletes do the same when they exercise themselves.’ Many Latin passives have thus a ‘middle’ force; cf. vertor, I turn myself; lavor, I wash myself; and the deponents glorior, I boast myself; vescor, I feed myself, etc.

8. ut ... feram, ‘so that I bear more easily.’ Ut used in a consecutive sense, i.e. denoting the consequence or result.

V.

1. corporis firmandi causâ, ‘(undergone) for the sake of strengthening his body’—the gerundive attraction. Cf. note xiii. 1.

3. ad solem alterum orientem, ‘till the next sunrise.’ Sol oriens is used for sunrise, i.e. the rising of the sun, as 37 ‘summus mons’ for ‘the top of the mountain,’ Caesar mortuus for ‘the death of Caesar,’ etc.

5. tanquam ... facto, lit. a certain withdrawal, as it were, of mind and feeling from the body having taken place, i.e. ‘mind and feeling having, as it were, left his body.’ He stood in seeming unconsciousness. Animus, when contrasted with mens, is the mind as the seat of the passions, etc.; mens the higher reasoning faculty, the intellect.

9. valitudine integra, the abl. absolute, ‘in unimpaired health.’

Ablative Absolute, ‘absolute’ (absolutus, fr. ab·solvo, ‘I release’) here means ‘released’ from government by any word in the principal sentence.

The construction is one of many varieties of the adverbial ablative; e.g. the abl. of time, the abl. of place where, the abl. of manner, etc.; but it differs from these ablatives—

(1) In being equivalent to a complete clause, e.g. Caesar hoc dixit, convocatis militibus is equivalent to cum milites convocati essent.

(2) Or, to express the same fact in another way, it consists of two words each in the ablative, one of which stands to the other in the relation of predicate to subject; the ‘subject’ being a substantive or pronoun, the ‘predicate’ a participle, adjective, substantive, or, more rarely, a pronoun.

Exceptions: But (a) sometimes the subject is not expressed, and a participle is used impersonally by itself in the abl. absol.—the participle here being equivalent to a clause containing an impersonal verb, e.g. mihi, errato, nulla venia, ‘there is no pardon for me, if I blunder’ (errato = si erratum erit a me).

(b) Sometimes a whole clause is substituted for the abl. of the ‘subject’: e.g. excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus, ‘happy in all respects, except the fact that you were not with me’ (lit. ‘the fact that you were not with me being excepted’).

Examples: (1) Subst. and participle, Tullio regnante vixerunt, ‘they lived whilst Tullius was king.’ (2) Subst. and adj., Hannibale vivo Romani semper Poenos timuerunt, ‘the Romans always feared the Carthaginians whilst Hannibal lived.’ (3) Subst. and subst., Nil desperandum Teucro duce, ‘there is no cause for despair whilst Teucer is our leader.’ (4) Subst. and pron., quid hoc populo obtineri potest, ‘what can be maintained with such a people as this?’ (5) Pron. 38 and participle, eis occisis ceteri domum redierunt, ‘when those men had been slain the rest returned home.’ (6) Pron. and adj., me invito id fecit, ‘he did it contrary to my wishes.’ (7) Pron. and subst., eo rege tuti erant, ‘they were safe whilst he was king.’

Note.—(1) The abl. absolute sometimes expresses merely time (e.g. inita aestate, ‘at the beginning of summer’), but more often attendant circumstances, or cause.

(2) The abl. absol. cannot be used when the ‘subject’ of the clause is the same as the subject or object of the principal clause. This rule is sometimes, but rarely, violated.

(3) In Greek the genitive is the absolute case: in most modern languages the nom. is thus used: but the acc. is sometimes used absolutely in German, and in Old English the accusative (representing the dative of Anglo-Saxon) was used absolutely. Milton uses both nom. and acc.: cf. “Us dispossessed,” Par. L., vii. 140; “I extinct,” id. ix. 994.

10. pestilentia, the famous plague of Athens, which raged during the second and third years of the Peloponnesian war. This was a war between Athens with her allies and Sparta with her allies, which lasted for 28 years, from 431 to 404 B.C., and ended in the defeat of Athens and the loss of her maritime supremacy.

VI.

1. Alexander III. (356-323 B.C.), surnamed the Great, ascended the throne of Macedonia on the death of his father Philip, 336 B.C. In the 13 years of his reign he conquered the greater part of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, and marched even into Northern India and Egypt. The incident here mentioned happened in his Indian campaign. In 327 he crossed the Indus, entered the Punjaub, defeated and captured the Indian king Porus in a great battle on the banks of the Hydaspes, and founded there two towns—Bucephalon and Nicaea. He continued his progress as far as the banks of the Hyphasis, but here his wearied troops mutinied and refused to advance any further.

Būcĕphălās (βουκεφάλας, βοῦς κεφαλή), ‘ox-head,’ so called from the breadth of its forehead.

2. emptum, ‘Chares has stated that it was bought for 13 talents.’ talentis, abl. of price.

Chares was an officer at Alexander’s court, who wrote a series of anecdotes about the life and exploits of the king.

3. hoc autem, the order is hoc est nostri aeris summa trecenta duodecim sestertia, ‘this is in (lit. of) our money the sum (of) 312 sestertia.’ Sestertium = 1,000 sestertii, about £8 at this time. Therefore 312 sestertia = £312 x 8 = £2,496. For sestertium cf. xxxiii. 2.

6. haud unquam, etc., ‘it never allowed itself to be mounted by any one except the king.’

8. faceret, subj. after cum.

Cum (= when), like other temporal conjunctions, takes as a rule the indic. mood; but the subj. is required when the time of the cum clause is regarded as depending on the time of the principal clause. This is usually the case in past time, hence the rule is that cum in past time requires the imperf. or plup. subj., unless (1) it is used in a frequentative sense, e.g. ‘as often as’ (but later writers, e.g. Livy, often use the subj. even in this sense), e.g. cum palam ejus anuli ad palmam converterat, a nullo videbatur (Cic. Off.), ‘as often as he turned the bezel of that ring to his palm, he was seen by no one,’ cf. xiv. 7, id cum dixerat, ‘as often as he had said that’; (2) it is simply equivalent to et tum, e.g. castra ibi posita, cum subito advenere Samnitium legiones (Livy), ‘the camp had been pitched there, when the Samnite legions suddenly arrived’; (3) the two clauses mark strictly contemporaneous events, tum being often added in the principal clause to mark this fact, e.g. vos tum paruistis cum paruit nemo (Cic. p. Lig. 7), ‘you were obedient at a time when no one (else) was obedient.’

9. non satis sibi providens, ‘without sufficient forethought.’

inmisit used absolutely, i.e. without an object; this, if expressed, would be ‘equum,’ ‘spurred it forward against.’

11. moribundus. The termination bundus, or cundus, denotes fulness, e.g. vagabundus, ‘wandering’; iracundus, ‘wrathful.’ Cf. L. Primer, p. 58, § 70 E.

12. e mediis hostibus, ‘from the midst of the enemy.’ In many phrases the adj. is used in Latin where in English we use a subst. with another subst. depending on it, and vice versa: e.g. summus mons, ‘the top of the mountain’; but animi dolor, ‘mental pain’; cf. v. 3, sol oriens.

14. domini iam superstitis securus, ‘relieved from anxiety 40 for its master, now safe.’ For the genitive domini after securus, cf. sēcūră fŭtūri, Ovid; sēcūrus pĕlăgi atque mei, Verg.

VII.

1. Alcibiades. Cf. iv. 4. note.

Pericles was a great Athenian statesman. He was born about 490 B.C. (the year of the battle of Marathon), and first took part in public affairs in 469, when Athens was beginning to develop rapidly after the Persian wars. From this time till his death in 429 he was the recognised leader of the democratic party. Under his guidance Athens became the most powerful state and the most beautiful city in Greece.

ăvuncŭlus (deminutive of ăvus, a grandfather) is an uncle on the mother’s side—a mother’s brother; pătruus (pā̆ter), an uncle on the father’s side—a father’s brother.

3. puerum docendum curavit, ‘had the boy educated.’ This use of the gerundive in a final sense, as ‘an oblique predicate’ with the direct object of certain transitive verbs, e.g. curo, do, suscipio, etc., is common in Latin writers, especially Caesar. Cf. pontem faciendum curavit, ‘he had a bridge made’; agros eis habitandos dedit, ‘he gave them lands to dwell in’; me dandum ad bestias curavit (xxx.), ‘he had me given to the wild beasts.’ Cf. Note xiii. 1. iv., on the Gerundive.

4. canere tibiis, ‘to play on the pipes.’ Both Greeks and Romans usually played on a double pipe, composed of two instruments not unlike flageolets, joined at the mouth-piece, and spreading out in the form of a V; hence the plural tibiae. Tibia means originally the shin bone, and then a musical instrument, pipes or flutes being at first made of bone.

VIII.

1. C. Fabricius Luscīnus was one of the most popular heroes in Roman history. He was regarded as the type of the old-fashioned honest warrior, who was proof against the luxury and corruption of the rising generation. In his first consulship, 282 B.C., he defeated the Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites; in 280-278 B.C. he served with distinction against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii.).

The Samnites were a powerful people living to the east of 41 Rome. The Romans first came into contact with them in 343 B.C.; for 50 years there was war between the two nations; at last the Samnites were conquered, but they still maintained their love of freedom, and once more proved formidable opponents to Rome in the Social War, 90 B.C.

2. memoratis ... rebus, abl. absolute, ‘after mentioning the many great services which he had rendered (rebus quae bene fecisset) to the Samnites after the restoration of peace....’

3. post redditam pacem. Pax reddita, ‘the restoration of peace.’ Cf. sol oriens, ‘the rising of the sun,’ v. 3. note.

4. dono, as a gift, the predicative dative, or dative of purpose used as a complement. Cf. Hor. exitio est avidum mare nautis, ‘the greedy sea is [as] a destruction to sailors.’

11. quâ, abl. after usus, ‘for which I have no use.’

IX.

1. Hannibal, the famous general of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war, was born in 247 B.C. In 218 he began his march from Spain into Italy, crossed the Alps, and defeated the Romans in N. Italy on the Ticinus and the Trebia; then followed the great victories at Lake Trasimenus, 217, and Cannae, 216. In 203 Hannibal was compelled to return to Africa to oppose Scipio, who had defeated the Carthaginian troops and their ally Syphax. A decisive battle was fought at Zama, October 19th, 202, in which Scipio gained a great victory over Hannibal. In the following year peace was made. Hannibal now set to work to prepare Carthage for a fresh struggle, but his political enemies denounced his designs to the Romans, and he was compelled in 193 B.C. to take refuge at the court of Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, who was on the eve of war with Rome. On the defeat of Antiochus the surrender of Hannibal was made one of the conditions of peace; but he fled to Prusias, King of Bithynia, 188 B.C. The Romans still pursued him, and sent messengers to Prusias demanding his surrender. Fearing that Prusias would be unable to resist this demand, and not knowing whither to flee to escape the vengeance of his enemies, he took poison, 183 B.C.

2. ingentis. The acc. pl. of -i nouns of the 3rd decl. varies in the mss. between -īs, -eis, and ēs. All three forms seem to have been used till the Augustan age, after which period the 42 form in -es prevailed. A nom. pl. also in -is and -eis is found sometimes in the mss. of Plautus and Lucretius and in old inscriptions.

populo Romano, dat. of the ‘Remoter Object’ after facturus, the ‘nearer object’ being bellum.

4. currus cum falcibus. The wheels of these chariots were armed with projecting scythes or hooks, which kept the enemy at a distance, or cut them down, as the charioteers drove at full speed through their ranks. These war chariots were in use among the Assyrians, Persians, Medes, and Syrians in Asia, and in Europe among the Gauls and Britons. Some have supposed that these are the ‘chariots of iron’ referred to in the books of Joshua and Judges; but Xenophon (Cyrop., vi. i. 30) says that ‘scythe chariots’ were not introduced into Asia Minor till the time of Cyrus.

5. elephantos cum turribus, small turrets placed on the backs of the elephants, and carrying a few soldiers.

6. frenis. The bits were sometimes made of silver and gold, and the bridles decorated with jewels, etc.

ephippiis. The saddles in use among Eastern nations, the Greeks and the Romans, consisted sometimes of a mere skin or cloth, sometimes of a wooden frame, upon which padded cloth, etc., was stretched; from either side cloths hung down, often dyed with bright colours, and decorated with fringes, etc.

monilibus, necklets used as ornaments for horses, as well as for men and women.

phaleris, bosses of metal attached as ornaments to the harness of horses and the armour of men. They were sometimes hung as pendants to the horse’s saddle, and jangled loudly as it charged forward against the enemy. For these military ornaments cf. the well-known passage in Verg., Aen. vii. 276—

7. putasne. Cf. ii. 5. note.

8. Poenus (Poenĭcus or Pūnĭcus), properly Phoenician, but applied by Roman writers especially to the inhabitants of Carthage, which was founded about 850 B.C. by Phoenician colonists, who came probably from Tyre.

X.

1. Milo was the most famous wrestler in Greece; he was six times victor in wrestling at the Olympic games and seven times at the Pythian games. Many stories are told about his great strength: he is said to have carried a heifer four years old on his shoulders through the stadium (or race course, a distance of about 40 yards), to have then killed it with a blow of his fist, and eaten the whole of it the same day. He was a pupil of the great philosopher Pythagoras, at Crotona. One day the pillar on which the roof of the school rested suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his disciples time to escape.

Crotona was a Greek city on the S.E. coast of Italy, founded 740 B.C. by the Achaeans. It became the most important city in S. Italy, owing to its trade with the E. Mediterranean. It attained its greatest power in 510 by the defeat of its neighbour and rival Sybaris: on this occasion Milo commanded the army of Crotona.

Crotoniensis. Note the use of the adj. where we employ a subst. and prep., ‘Milo of Crotona’; so pugna Cannensis (xl. 1.), ‘the Battle of Cannae,’ etc.

3. artem athleticam desisset, ‘had given up athletics.’ The acc. after desino is rare, and chiefly poetical; but Cicero (Fam. vii. 1. 4) uses artem desinere.

5. rimis in parte mediâ hiantem, lit. ‘gaping open with cracks in the middle.’

6. an ullae ... adessent. Adessent is the subj. after the dependent interrogative word an; the construction is called the Indirect or Dependent Question, Interrogatio Obliqua. Thus ‘who are you?’ is ‘quis es?’ but ‘I ask you who you are’ is ‘interrogo quis sis.’

ullae. Quisquam (pronoun) and ullus (adjective) are used for ‘any’ in comparative and negative sentences, in questions expecting the answer No, and in hypothetical sentences.

11. rediit in naturam, ‘returned to its natural (i.e. former) position.’

12. feris, dat. after praebuit, ‘gave the man to the beasts to tear to pieces.’ For this use of the gerundive cf. xiii. 1. note.

XI.

1. Romae, ‘at Rome,’ the locative case. This case, which had almost died out in classical Latin, originally ended in -i for the singular and -s for the plural. In some forms it still survived, viz., (1) in such words as militiae (earlier militiai), belli, ‘in the field,’ ‘at the war’; domi, at home; humi, ‘on the ground’; vesperi (or -e), ‘in the evening’; ruri, ‘in the country’; luci, ‘in the light’; and the adverbs ubi, ‘in which place’; ibi, ‘in that place,’ etc.; (2) in the names of towns—Romae (earlier Romai), ‘at Rome’; Tarenti, ‘at Tarentum’; Carthagini (or Carthagine), ‘at Carthage,’ etc.; (3) in such phrases as animi angor, ‘I am vexed in mind’; maturus aevi, ‘advanced in age,’ etc.

Curiam. The word Curia is connected with Cŭres, the chief town of the Sabines, and Quĭrītes (or Cŭrītes), the inhabitants of Cŭres. It originally denoted one of the 30 divisions into which the Romans and Sabines were divided when they united in one community. The word was then applied to the building used for the religious service of a Curia, and afterwards especially to the building in which the Senate met.

2. praetextatis, i.e. wearing the toga praetexta, a white toga with a broad purple border, worn under the Republic by the higher magistrates, by persons engaged in paying vows, and by free-born children. It is said to have been adopted from the Etruscans, and made the royal robe by Tullus Hostilius; and to have been worn with the bulla by boys after the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, whose son at the age of fourteen slew an enemy with his own hand in the Sabine war, and was allowed as a reward to wear the royal robe.

maior, more important than usual.

4. placuitque ut eam rem ne quis.... ‘It was resolved that no one should mention the matter until a decision had been arrived at’ (lit. until it had been decreed).

ut ... ne quis, or ne quis, ‘that no one,’ is always used in a final sentence instead of ut nemo; so ne quid, ne ullus, and ne unquam, instead of ut nihil, ut nullus, ut nunquam. The indefinite pronoun quis is, as a rule, used for ‘any’ or ‘some’ in relative sentences, and after si, nisi, num, ne, and cum; but aliquis is sometimes found after si, more rarely after ne.

5. decreta esset. The subj. is required, because this is a 45 dependent sentence forming part of the Oratio Obliqua after placuit.

7. egissent, subj. after the dependent interrogative quidnam. Cf. x. 6. note. For the same reason videretur, line 11, is in subj.

9. lepidi mendacii consilium capit, ‘bethought himself of an amusing falsehood.’

10. utrum ... unusne ... an.... The -ne is ‘pleonastic,’ i.e. more than is required, for the sentence would be complete without it—utrum videretur utilius ut unus ... an (videretur utilius) ut una.... This idiom is chiefly ante-classical (found often in Plautus), but Cicero uses it, ‘est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum ... an ...’ (Cic. Tusc. iv. 27, 59). Translate ‘He said the Senate had discussed whether it seemed more useful and advantageous to the State that one man should have two wives, or that one woman should be married to two men.’

XII.

3. matrum familias, gen. plur. of mater familias. When familia is compounded with pater, mater, filius, and filia, the old gen. sing. familias is usually found, but familiae also is frequently used by Cicero and other writers, by Livy always. In Sallust and later writers even patres familiarum is found.

4. una potius ... duae. The order is ut una (uxor) nupta fieret duobus viris potius quam ut duae (uxores nuptae fierent) uni (viro).

6. esset, vellet, subj. after the dept. interrogatives quae and quid; so institisset and dixisset. Cf. x. 6. note.

quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet, ‘what that demand of theirs meant.’ Quid sibi res vult, ‘what does the thing mean?’ lit. ‘what does it wish for itself?’ ‘what is its object or drift?’ so quid tibi vis, ‘what do you mean, or want?’ and, more rarely, quid mihi volo, ‘what do I mean, or want?’

XIII.

1. Sertorius was a Roman general, who first distinguished himself in Gaul. On the outbreak of civil war in 88 B.C. between Marius and Sulla he joined the former. At first the Sullan party were victorious, but when their leader went to the East 46 to fight against Mitridates they were defeated, and from 87-82 the Marian party were supreme. In 83 (or, according to another writer, 82) Sertorius was sent to Spain as governor in the Marian interest. Finding himself unable to hold his ground against the Sullan generals, he crossed to Africa, and gained various successes there. The Lusitani, who inhabited the western part of the Spanish peninsula, then invited him to become their leader against the Romans. He returned with a small force of 2,600 men, one third of whom were Libyans, and then by his extraordinary influence over the natives, and his great powers of organisation, succeeded in forming an army which for years set at defiance every effort made by the generals of the Sullan party, which was now in the ascendant. In 76 Pompeius was sent to Spain with a large army to reinforce the Sullan generals, but for five years more Sertorius held his ground. At last, in 72 B.C., he was assassinated by Perperna and other of his own Roman officers, who were jealous of his power.

et utendi et regendi exercitus, the gerundial attraction. When an object is expressed after a gerund, the construction called the gerundial, or gerundival attraction is preferred. In this construction the object is attracted (if it differs) into the case of the gerund, and the gerund, taking adjectival inflections (and then called the gerundive), is made to agree adjectivally with the object in number and gender.

Examples:—

The Gerundival Attraction is of course only used with transitive verbs which govern a direct object in the acc. case. The words fungor, fruor, utor, vescor, potior are exceptions; they are used both in this construction and in the constructions explained in ii. and iii. below, because they were originally transitive, and governed an acc.

The gerunds and gerundives are the substantival and adjectival forms respectively of a participle in -ndus. Under the 47 gerund are included the substantival forms in -ndum, -ndi, -ndo; under the gerundive the full adjectival declension in -ndus, a, um, etc.

The uses of the gerund and gerundive may be divided under four headings.

i. By its oblique cases the gerund (and the gerundive in the construction mentioned above—the ‘gerundival attraction’) completes the active infinite verb noun, which is only used in the nom. and acc., e.g. haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima, ‘these matters are very easy to decide’; amor agendi, canendi, etc., ‘love of acting, singing,’ etc.; causâ agendi, ‘for the sake of acting’; aqua utilis bibendo, ‘water useful for drinking’; mens alitur discendo, ‘the mind is nourished by learning.’

ii. The nom. (and in oratio obliqua the acc.) of the gerund is used intransitively with parts of the verb sum (est, erat, fuit, esse, etc.), as an impersonal verb to denote necessity, duty, or suitability, e.g. nunc est bibendum, ‘now it is right to drink’, eundum est, ‘there is a necessity to go’; parendum est legibus, ‘it is necessary to be obedient to the laws.’ The person on whom the duty falls is expressed by the dat. case, the ‘Dative of the Agent,’ except after verbs which govern a dative; after these, to avoid ambiguity, the agent is expressed by a or ab with the abl., e.g. eundum est mihi, ‘I must go,’ but parendum est ei a te, ‘you must obey him’.

iii. The gerundive is used (1) personally as a verb, usually with a passive signification, e.g. aqua bibenda est, ‘water ought to be drunk’; (2) as a mere epithet, e.g. ridenda poemata, ‘poems to be laughed at.’

iv. The acc. of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique predicate, or complement, agreeing with the direct object of certain transitive verbs—curo, do, suscipio, habeo, etc., e.g. Caesar pontem faciendum curavit, ‘Caesar had a bridge made’; agros eis habitandos dedit, ‘he gave them the lands to dwell in’ Cf. vii. 3. note.

8. usui, predicative dative or dat. of purpose. Cf. dono, viii. 4. note.

memoria, etc. The order is memoria prodita est neminem ex his nationibus, quae cum S. faciebant (‘who served with Sertorius’), cum multis proeliis superatus esset (‘although he had been defeated in many battles’), unquam ab eo descivisse.

9. neminem. The gen. of this word, neminis, is only found in writers before Cicero, the abl. nemine in late writers (e.g. Tacitus and Suetonius), and once in Plautus; the plural is not used. Hence we have

XIV.

1. alba. Albus is a dull white as opposed to ater, dull black; candidus, shining white, opposed to niger, shining black.

eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis, genitives of quality.

2. dono, predicative dat., or dat. of purpose. Cf. dono, viii. 4. note.

5. factu, the supine in -u, used as an abl. of respect. Cf. foedum dictu est, ‘it is horrible to state’ (lit. ‘in the saying’), and xxiv. 2, utilia monitu suasuque.

quid, the indef. pron.; so cui, line 13. For its use after si cf. xi. 4. note.

7. dixerat, indic. after cum in a frequentative sense, ‘whenever he had said that.’ Cf. vi. 8. note.

10. in fugam se proripuit, ‘took to hasty flight.’

18. consuerat, indic., because it is not part of what Sertorius said, but a statement made by the author.

quod opus esset facto, ‘what had to be done.’ Facto is the abl. of the perf. part. pass.; for this use cf. maturato, properato opus est, ‘there is need of haste’; and the similar construction with the abl. of the supine, dictu opus est (Terence), ‘it is necessary to speak’; quod scitu opus est (Cicero), ‘what has to be known.’

XV.

Tarquinius Superbus, according to tradition, was the seventh and last of the Roman kings (535-510 B.C.), the others being 49 Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius.

1. Libris Sibyllinis. Little is known about the famous Sibylline books. They were probably derived from Cumae in Campania, the seat of a celebrated oracle. At Rome they were kept in a stone chest (sacrarium) beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, under the charge of certain officers (quindecimviri), and consulted only by the special command of the Senate. In 82 B.C. this temple was burnt and the books destroyed. A fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the chief cities of Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. When the temple was rebuilt these were deposited in the same place, but many spurious prophetic books, purporting to be Sibylline oracles, seem to have got into circulation at Rome, and several revisions of the books were ordered from time to time. Christian writers frequently appeal to the Sibylline oracles as containing prophecies of the Messiah.

2. hospita, feminine form of hospes. Cf. antistes and sacerdos, priest, antistita and sacerdota (in inscriptions), priestess, sospes and sospita, saviour, etc.

4. eos velle vendere, ‘(she said) that she wished to sell them.’

6. nimium atque inmensum, 300 pieces of gold, according to one form of the legend.

quasi ... desiperet. Quasi, ‘as if,’ introducing a statement which is not a fact, naturally governs the subj., ‘as if she were mad’ (but she was not). In sentences of comparison introduced by such conjunctions as tanquam, ceu, quasi, velut, etc., the subj. is usually found, because the statement is usually not true; but when the statement is a fact the indic. is employed, e.g. Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex (Plautus). Frequently quasi, etc., are used, not as conjunctions introducing the sentence, but adverbially with a single word; in such cases they do not affect the mood, e.g. servis respublica et quasi civitas domus est (Pl. Ep. viii. 16), ‘to slaves their home is a state, and, as it were, a city.’ Cf. xviii. 5, quasi consultans cum Jove.

7. foculum. Fŏcŭlus, deminutiveof fŏcus (a hearth). Cf. rĭvŭlus, a rivulet, and rivus, a river.

9. vellet, subj. after the dependent interrogative ecquid. Cf. x. 6. note.

10. sed enim, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. the use of ἀλλὰ γὰρ in Greek.

14. ore ... fit, ‘now becomes serious and more attentive’ (lit. ‘of a serious countenance and more attentive mind’). Ore and animo are ablatives of quality.

19. nusquam loci, ‘nowhere in the world.’ The genitives loci, locorum, gentium and terrarum are frequently used with adverbs of place—ubi, quo, unde, usquam, nusquam, etc., e.g. ubi terrarum sumus (Cic.), ‘where on earth are we?’

XVI.

1. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior was born in 234 B.C. He is first mentioned in 218 B.C. at the battle of the Ticinus (cf. ix. 1. note), in which he is said to have saved the life of his father P. Scipio. He fought at Cannae, 216, and was chosen with App. Claudius to command the remains of the Roman army after that great disaster. In 212 he was unanimously elected aedile. When the tribunes objected to the election, because he was under the legal age, he replied, ‘If all the Quirites wish to make me aedile, I am old enough.’ In 210, at the age of twenty-four, he was appointed to command the army in Spain, having come forward as a candidate for the post which all the old generals feared to accept. By 207 he had conquered almost the whole of that country from the Carthaginians. In 205 he was elected consul. He was anxious to cross over to Africa and end the war by a blow at Carthage itself, but the Senate, partly from jealousy, partly from timidity, opposed his plans and would only grant him the province of Sicily, with power to cross over to Africa if he thought it in the interests of the State; but this permission they endeavoured to render useless by refusing him an army. Volunteers however flocked from every part of Italy to his standard, and in 204 he was able to land in Africa with a large force. In 203 he defeated Hasdrubal and his ally Syphax, and in 202 brought the second Punic war to an end by a great victory at Zama over Hannibal, who had been recalled from Italy. In 201 peace was made, and Scipio, returning to Rome, received the agnomen Africanus, and was overwhelmed with every mark of honour. In 190 he served as legate under his brother, 51 Lucius Scipio Asiaticus, in the war against Antiochus (cf. ix. and xvii.) On their return the accusations mentioned in xvi. and xvii. were made against the brothers. In 185 Scipio retired into private life, and died soon afterwards, probably in 183.

1. tribunus plebis. The tribuni plebis were appointed in 494, after the secession to Mons Sacer, to protect the plebeians against the patrician magistrates. At first they were two in number, afterwards they were increased to ten.

3. ut condicionibus, etc., ‘that peace might be made with him (i.e. Antiochus) on favourable conditions in the name of the Roman people.’

7. diem esse hodiernum, ‘that this is the day on which ...’ (lit. ‘that it is to-day on which ...’).

9. proelio. The battle of Zama, Oct. 19th, 202 B.C.

11. simus, ‘let us not be ungrateful therefore to the gods....’

12. censeo, used parenthetically, ‘I propose.’ Cf. quaeso, ii. 4.

13. gratulatum, the supine in -um, used to express purpose after the verb of motion, eamus.

17. aedes, in sing., a ‘temple’ (a single room), in the plur., a ‘house’ (a collection of rooms). As distinguished from templum, aedes is a simple building without division into rooms; templum is a large edifice consisting of many rooms, consecrated by the augurs, and belonging often to several deities.

18. sollemni. Sollemnis, from sollus (cf. ὅλος, salvus), whole; prop. taking place every year, ‘established,’ especially of festivals; then, with the religious force predominating, ‘religious,’ ‘festive,’ ‘solemn.’

XVII.

2. M. Porcius Cato, known as the Censor (234-149), first distinguished himself in the second Punic war; in 204-3 he served as Quaestor to Scipio Africanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time forward he became the declared enemy of the Scipios and their friends, who were introducing, he said, into Rome 52 the luxury and refinement of degenerate Greece and ruining the simple and honest Roman character. He served with distinction in Spain, 195-4, and against Antiochus, 191. In 184 he was censor, and applied himself strenuously, but in vain, to stem the tide of Greek luxury. He was one of the ambassadors sent to Africa to arbitrate between Masinissa and the Carthaginians, and was so struck by the flourishing condition of Carthage, that on his return he insisted that, whilst that city existed, Rome would never be safe. Whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, whatever the subject before the house was, he always concluded his remarks by ‘And I further am of opinion that Carthage must be destroyed (delendam esse Carthaginem).’ The third Punic war, which broke out soon after his death, was largely due to his influence.

5. L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus served under his brother Africanus in Spain, and in 190 defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylus. Cf. xvi. 1.

3. comparati in eum. Comparare hominem in aliquem is the regular phrase for procuring a man to attack another. ‘Having been set upon him....’

4. pecuniae ... rationem redderet, ‘to give an account of the money paid by Antiochus, and the spoil....’

9. allatum, i.e. dixit librum allatum esse, ‘he said that it had been brought.’

10. aerarium, the public treasury at Rome, in which, besides the State treasure, the standards of the legions and copies of all decrees of the Senate were kept. After the expulsion of the kings the Temple of Saturn, at the head of the Forum, was used for this purpose.

10. sed enim, ‘but indeed.’ Cf. xv. 10.

11. nec me ipse afficiam contumeliâ, ‘nor will I insult myself with my own lips (ipse).’

12. coram, ‘before their eyes.’

13. quod cui. The order is quod ab eo ratio praedae posceretur, cui salus ... deberet, ‘indignant that an account of the booty was demanded from a man, to whom the safety of the State and constitution ought to be ascribed.’

Acceptum aliquid referre alicui, lit. ‘to put down a thing as received to a man’s account,’ ‘to credit him with it’; a metaphor from banking.

XVIII.

2. Scipio Africanus “was unquestionably one of the greatest men of Rome, and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of his countrymen. His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a special favourite of the gods; and he never engaged in any public or private business without first going to the Capitol, where he sat some time alone, enjoying communication from the gods. For all he proposed or executed he alleged the divine approval; and the Roman people gave credit to his assertions, and regarded him as a being almost superior to the common race of men. There can be no doubt that Scipio believed himself in the divine revelations, which he asserted to have been vouchsafed to him, and the extraordinary success which attended all his enterprises must have deepened this belief.”—Smith’s Classical Dictionary.

3. noctis extremo, ‘at the end of night.’ The neuter extremum is used as a substantive, meaning ‘the end.’ Cf. extremo anni, Livy, xxxv. 11. 1; sub extremum noctis, Sil. 4. 88.

4. ventitare. Ventito is the frequentative form of venio. Frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action: they are of the first conjugation, and formed by adding -to, -so, -ito, or -itor to the supine stem, or, more rarely, to the clipt stem, as can-to, ‘I sing often’; cur-so, ‘I run often’; rog-ito, ‘I ask often’; min-itor, ‘I threaten often’; haes-ito, ‘I stick fast.’ Sometimes one frequentative verb is formed from another, as cant-ito from canto.

ac iubere ... Iovis, ‘and to order the temple of Jupiter to be opened.’

5. quasi consultans. Cf. xv. 6. note.

7. id temporis. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ depending on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called the ‘partitive genitive,’ cf. aliquid veri, falsi; id aetatis; nihil reliqui facere, ‘to leave nothing undone’ (Caes.); quantum mercedis (xxxii. 17.); si quid remedii (xxxiv. 8.), and such phrases as navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant (Caes.). Id in this phrase is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives are—hoc noctis, magnam partem, suam vicem, multum, etc. The use of the 54 acc. has arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after intransitive verbs (e.g. servire servitatem, dormire noctem, dolere aliquid, etc.).

quod in eum solum ... incurrerent, the order is aeditumi ... admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent neque incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem, ‘because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time, at whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark and fly.’

14. re cibaria copiosum, ‘well supplied with provisions.’

15. eius potiundi. Gerundival attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.

16. ius dicebat, ‘he was administering justice,’ the technical term.

18. in iure stare, or esse, ‘to stand,’ ‘present oneself before a magistrate’; in ius ire, ‘to go before a magistrate.’

19. vadimonium promittere, to promise or give security (bail) for a man’s appearance, ‘for what day and what place’ (i.e. for his appearance on what day and place) ‘he would order security to be given.’

iuberet, subj. after the dependent interrog. quem. Cf. x. 6. note.

21. sese, object. of sistere, ‘ordered him to present himself on the third day in yonder place.’

22. atque ita factum, ‘and so it happened.’

vadari. Vador aliquem = ‘I bind a man over by bail’: the object. of vadari here is militem; “on the third day, on which he had ordered (them) to bind (the man) over to appear.”

XIX.

1. capite. Caput denotes the legal status of a citizen: he lost it “as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were struck off his shoulders” (Wilkins, R. Lit. Primer). “I and two others were trying a friend on a capital charge.”

4. ad casum ... medendum, ‘to remedy so perilous a mischance.’

6. ad condemnandum, sc. hominem, ‘I gave my vote in silence for condemning the man.’

XX.

1. Favorinus was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome, Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 A.D.).

3. Curius. M’ Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 B.C., distinguished himself in the Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of the Romans, and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and frugality. The Samnites, it is said, once sent an embassy to him with costly gifts. The messengers found the great general sitting by his hearth, and roasting turnips. They proffered their gifts, but he rejected them, saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed gold than possess it himself.

4. Fabricius. Cf. viii. 1. note.

Coruncanius, consul 260 B.C., fought with success against the Etruscans and against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii. 1. note); he was also a distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became Pontifex Maximus.

5. his, abl. after the comparative antiquiores.

antiquus, ‘former,’ ‘ancient,’ is used of what has existed in past time as opposed to novus, what has not previously existed, new. Vetus denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, opposed to rĕcens, what has not existed for long, recent.

Horatii. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, according to the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba was to exercise the supremacy.

6. Auruncorum, etc., genitives depending of verbis, ‘used the language of the Aurunci,’ etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and Pelasgi were old Italian races.

9. quasi loquare. Cf. xv. 6. note, ‘quasi desiperet.’

Euandri. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an Arcadian nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian colony from Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium at the foot of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still alive when Aeneas came to Italy. (Aeneid, viii. 51.)

10. abhinc multis annis, ‘many years ago.’ To express 56 ‘how long ago,’ abhinc and ante are used with either abl. or acc. case. Cf. abhinc triennium huc commigravit, ‘she came hither three years ago’ (Ter. An. i. 70).

11. quae dicas, ‘anything that you say.’ The subj. (a consecutive subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement as indefinite; quae dicis would mean the particular words which you are actually using.

14. sit, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the oratio obliqua after ais.

16. C. Julius Caesar, the Dictator, 100-44 B.C. This quotation is from his lost work De Analogia, written, it is said, when he was crossing the Alps.

18. ut tamquam, ‘that you should avoid a rare word, as (you would avoid) a rock.’

XXI.

1. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus was another of the favourite heroes of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened in 361. In 353 and again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, Consul. In this last year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great victory over the Latins near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman supremacy in Latium. It was shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of his son occurred, mentioned at the end of xxii.

3. torquis, a ‘twisted neck chain,’ as opposed to monile (cf. ix. 6), which was made of beads, stones, etc., strung together.

ex hoste detractam induit, ‘he had taken from an enemy, and put on himself.’ A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin where in English two verbs are employed, e.g. scripsit se profectum celeriter adfore, ‘he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would soon arrive.’

4. fuerit, subj. after the dependent interrogative quis. Cf. x. 6. note.

6. cum ... processit, etc. The indicative is used in past time after cum, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and equivalent to et tum. Cf. vi. 8 note.

7. nudus, ‘unarmed.’ Nudus is used in many senses besides its usual one of ‘unclothed,’ ‘naked’: e.g. ‘without a 57 toga,’ i.e. ‘in a tunic only,’ nudus ara, sere nudus (Verg. G. i. 299); ‘uncovered by turf,’ silex nuda (Verg. E. i. 15); ‘leafless,’ nudum nemus; ‘without a garrison,’ urbs nuda praesidio (Cic. Att. vii. 13-1); ‘destitute,’ nuda senectus (Juv.); ‘unadorned,’ nuda oratio (Cic.), etc.

12. si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret, ‘that if any one was willing to fight him, he should step forward.’ The tenses are historic, because conclamant is the historical present, and therefore equivalent to a past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present, but historic tenses are more common.

17. scuto pedestri. The scutum was an oblong or oval shield (4 ft. by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It was borrowed from the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman army, superseding the large circular clipeus, when the Roman soldiers first began to receive pay, and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia (Livy, viii. 8. etc.).

cinctus in this connection is properly ‘surrounded’ with a girdle to support a shield or sword, hence ‘armed with.’

XXII.

1. metu magno, ‘amid great anxiety.’ An ablative of manner, closely akin to the “ablative absolute.”

2. sua disciplina, ‘according to his custom,’ i.e. way of fighting. Cf. eadem nos disciplina utimur, ‘our habits are the same’ (Plaut. As. i. 3. 49), and disciplina militiae, bellica militaris, etc., ‘the art of war.’

3. cunctabundus. Cf. moribundus, vi. 11. note. The Gaul stood on the alert ready to parry a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards.

7. eo pacto ei ... , etc., ‘in that way he got to close quarters with him (ei successit) under his Gallic sword, and wounded his chest with his Spanish sword (sc. gladio).’ The “Spanish sword” was a short weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters; the “Gallic sword” a much longer and heavier weapon.

9. pectus hausit. Haurire of a weapon in the sense of ‘wounding,’ ‘tearing open,’ is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and 58 often in Ovid: probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. Aen. x. 313—

‘With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold, he wounded his unguarded side.’

17. speculatum. The supine is -um, expressing purpose after a verb of motion.

pugna interdicta, ‘though he had been forbidden to fight.’ Abl. absolute.

XXIII.

1. Agrum Pomptinum. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The district is still the most unhealthy in Italy.

3. vasta proceritate, abl. of description.

armis auro fulgentibus, abl. abs., ‘a man of enormous stature, with armour gleaming with gold.’

5. per contemptum et superbiam, ‘scornfully and haughtily.’ Cf. per vim, ‘forcibly,’ etc.

6. venire iubet, etc., ‘bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,’ lit. ‘bids (him) come, if anyone dares.’ Auderet is in historical time, because iubet is the historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.

8. tribunus militaris. The tribuni militum, or militares, were the chief officers of the legion; there were originally three, afterwards six, to each legion.

ceteris ... ambiguis. Abl. absol., ‘since the rest hesitated.’

11. progreditur ... obviam, ‘advances to meet him.’

13. vis quaedam divina fit, ‘a miracle happens’: lit., a divine power is manifested.

16. laniabat ... revolabat, the imperfects denote repeated action.

21. statuam statuendam curavit, ‘had a statue set up’: for this use of curo cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.

Augustus. Cf. xxix. 2. note.

in foro suo, the ‘Forum Augusti.’ There were three great fora at Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F. Julii.

23. monimentum, in apposition to simulacrum.

XXIV.

1. Aesopus lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He was a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens, and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as deformed.

e Phrygia. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.

2. utilia monitu suasuque. The abl. of the supine in -u is regularly used as an abl. of respect. Cf. nefas visu, turpe dictu, facile factu (xxvii. 7.), etc.

5. cum audiendi quadam inlecebra, lit. ‘with some charm of hearing.’

7. spem, etc., ‘that in matters (rerum) which a man can manage himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in himself,’ i.e. that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he can do himself.

10. Q. Ennius. Cf. xxxviii. 9.

satiris. Satira or satura (satur = full), properly a mixture of all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated ‘didactically’ the follies and vices of mankind.

versibus quadratis, versus quadrati (square) are those containing eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called 60 Septenarii or Tetrameter Catalectic verses. The principal feet in them are the trochee ¯ ¯ ˘, and spondee ¯ ¯.

12. semper in promptu situm, ‘ever ready at hand.’

13. ne quid, etc., ‘not to wait for your friends at all (quid) in a matter which (quod) you yourself can do.’

possies, old form of possis, pres. subj. of possum.

XXV.

2. id temporis. Cf. xviii. 7. note, ‘at such a time, as a rule, that the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.’

3. ea cassita, that particular lark about which the story is told.

congesserat, used absolutely (i.e. without an object) in the sense of making a nest, as we used the word ‘to build.’ Cf. Verg. Ecl. iii. 69, locum aeriae quo congessere columbae.

5. dum iret. Dum, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the indic. (in Oratio R.) when strictly temporal, but the subj. is required when the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose, consequence, etc. In other words, dum, ‘whilst,’ always takes the indic., dum, ‘until,’ the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz., when the idea of expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here purpose is expressed: ‘to enable her to meanwhile go ...,’ ‘till she should go.’ Cf. priusquam emeret, xxxiii. 4. note.

6. quaesitum, ‘to seek for food ...’; the supine in -um expressing purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17.

7. si quid, etc., ‘if anything unusual happened.’ For the genitive quid rei, cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note.

11. fac eas et roges, a less peremptory way of expressing a command than the simple imperative. Cf. scribas velim, cura ut scribas, scribe sis (for si vis), instead of scribe.

12. veniant, etc., subj. after roges, ‘ask them to come ...’

15. orare, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb. In this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects odisse and meminisse, which have a present 61 meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch. Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the verb sum (e.g. occisus for occisus est), as it leaves out the expression of time, number, and person. ‘It is used to express the occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.’ (Roby.)

17. misit qui amicos roget. Roget is in subj., because the relative expresses purpose: ‘has sent me to ask ....’ Misit is the perfect proper, ‘has sent,’ a primary tense, hence roget is in the pres. subj.

18. otioso animo esse, abl. of quality, lit. ‘bids them be of an easy mind,’ i.e. ‘bids them be easy in mind.’

XXVI.

4. isti, ironical, ‘those friends of yours are laggards.’

quin ... imus, ‘why do we not rather go ...?’ The conjunction quin (= quî, an old ablative, and -ne) is thus used in exhortations and remonstrances (a) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. quin conscendimus equos? (Livy), ‘why do we not mount?’ i.e. ‘nay, mount at once’: (b) sometimes with the imperative, quin aspice me, ‘nay, look at me’; quin dic uno verbo, ‘just answer in a single word.’

5. cognatos. Cognatus is a kinsman by blood, either on the father’s or the mother’s side; agnatus, a blood relation on the father’s side; gentilis, a member of the same gens, and bearing the same gentile name, e.g. Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were consanguinei, related by blood; adfinis, a relation by marriage, or sometimes merely a neighbour.

8. cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ..., lit. ‘as a rule no kinsmen and neighbours were so good-natured,’ she said, ‘as to make no delay in undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.’

14. valeant, ‘good-bye to ...,’ i.e. let us have no more to do with....

18. id ubi ..., the order is, ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum dixisse id....

19. tempus cedendi et abeundi, ‘it is time to go and be off.’

20. in ipso enim. The order is, vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res est, non in alio, unde petitur, lit. ‘for (the work) now depends upon the man himself, whose the property is, 62 not upon another, from whom (the work) is asked,’ i.e. who is asked to do the work.

XXVII.

1. Pyrrus (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in 279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers. Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third.

in terra Italia, ‘in the land of Italy’; cf. xxxi. 7, in terra Graecia, so urbs Roma, etc., the two substantives being in apposition.

4. Fabricius. Cf. viii. 1. note.

7. facile factu, ‘easy to do.’ Cf. xxiv. 2., utilia monitu et suasu, note.

12. salutem tutaretur, ‘should protect himself from...,’ ‘be on his guard against;’ lit. ‘protect his safety.’

13. laudes ... scripsisse, ‘it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the Roman people, praising and thanking them ...,’ lit. ‘wrote praises and thanks.’

populo Romano. Cf. ad senatum scripsit, line 9. The rule is that, if the verb expresses or implies motion, ad with the acc. is used to express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used; so, misit hoc ad me, but dedit hoc mihi. Hence many verbs admit both constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and not expressing it. Scribo is one of these, for the letter has to be 63 sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion. This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less so in poetry.

XXVIII.

1. In circo maximo. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called ‘Circus,’ either because the spectators stood in a circle or because the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200 in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men, either condemned criminals and captives, or bestiari, specially trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called venatio, or pugna venationis. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants during his reign.

2. multae ibi ferae, sc. erant.

7. quasi admirans. Cf. quasi desiperet, xv. 6. note.

15. videres, ‘you might have seen.’ Cf. Livy, maesti, crederes victos, redeunt in castra, ‘you would have thought they had been defeated.’ This use is confined to the second person singular (‘you’ indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood being the reality of the subject. ‘If you had been there, you might have seen....’

XXIX.

2. Caesar, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth emperor—Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the Julian gens. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of Caesar’s family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding emperors employed the name as part of their official title.

3. uni with illi, ‘had spared him alone.’

pepercisset, subj. after the dependent interrogative cur.

5. proconsulari imperio. The Proconsulare Imperium is the power held by a man who acts pro consule, ‘in the place of a consul.’ As the number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the “Imperium Proconsulare,” which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no large armies were maintained), which were governed with Imperium Proconsulare by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces, which were governed with Praetorian power by Legati Caesaris, who acted as the Emperor’s deputies.

Africam, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.

10. consilium fuit, ‘my plan was,’ ‘I purposed.’

14. debili ... pede. Abl. absol., ‘with one foot lame and bloodstained.’

22. volnere intimo expressi, ‘I pressed out from the bottom of the wound.’ Words compounded with ab, cum, de, and ex usually govern an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the preposition repeated.

23. cruorem: cruor is ‘gore,’ i.e. blood which has flowed from a wound; sanguis, either ‘gore,’ or blood circulating in the body.

XXX.

1. triennium totum, acc. of duration of time; ‘for three whole years.’

2. eodemque et victu, abl. of matter; ‘on the same food also.’

nam quas, etc. The order is—‘ferebat ad specum mihi (to the cave for me), membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur,’ the antecedent ferarum being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming feras.

7. viam ... permensus, ‘having travelled a journey of almost three days.’

9. rei capitalis, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of condemning and acquitting. Res capitalis is a crime punishable by death or loss of civil rights, caput denoting both life and civil status. Cf. xix. 1. note.

10. damnandum curavit. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.

11. quoque, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.

XXXI.

1. in terra Graecia. Cf. in terra Italia, xxvii. 1. note.

fama celebri, abl. of quality, ‘of great reputation.’

5. Athenis, ‘at Athens,’ the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note.

Electram, etc. The order is—acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus, ‘being about to play the part of Sophocles’ Electra (i.e. the part of Electra in the play of Sophocles called ‘the Electra’) he had to carry an urn, supposed to contain (quasi cum) the bones of Orestes.’ Women’s characters were played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage.

When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan war, he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter, contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.

Sophocles, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He is said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached us, of which the ‘Electra,’ here mentioned, is one.

6. Oresti. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in -es of the third declension usually ends in -i, sometimes in -is. Hence we have nom. and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and Orestem; gen., Oresti and Orestis; dat., Oresti; abl., Orestĕ, rarely Orestē. The plural, when used, follows the first declension.

11. quasi Oresti amplexus. Oresti is the gen. depending on ossa understood.

12. itaque, etc., lit. ‘and so when a play seemed to be represented, (true) grief was represented.’

When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, soon after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the other hand, in his famous Paradoxe sur le Comédien, maintains that the emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce an artistic effect.

XXXII.

2. qui pro se ... advocaverunt, ‘they engaged men to plead their case’; lit. ‘who should speak for them,’ qui being used in a final sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of advocaverunt cf. the English word ‘advocate.’

4. Demosthenes, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in 385 and died in 322 B.C. As a statesman his whole policy was directed to resisting the aggressions of the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander (cf. vi.). He made many bitter enemies, of whom Demades (line 22) was one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of the Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled man, this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes.

11. lana multa ... circumvolutus, lit. ‘wrapped round as to his neck with much wool.’ Collum is the acc. of respect.

12. eo, for that reason, therefore.

14. non synanchen ... sed argyranchen, ‘that his throat 67 was inflamed not by cold, but by gold.’ Argyranche (αργυραγχη) is a sarcastic word coined to imitate synanche (συναγχη), ‘an inflamed throat.’

15. quin ... quoque, ‘nay he even prided himself upon it,’ lit. ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. viii. 4. note) to himself. Quinetiam is more common than the simple quin in this sense.

17. quantum mercedis. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ usually called the ‘partitive genitive,’ depending of a neuter pronoun, cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note, ‘how much pay he had received for acting.’ Accepisset is subj. after the dependent interrogative quantum.

18. uti ageret, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So ‘ut tacerem’.

19. talentum, the Attic talent, £243 15s.

XXXIII.

1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the famous Roman orator, was born near Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 B.C. He was consul in 63 B.C., and was murdered Dec 7th, 43 B.C., by the emissaries of M. Antonius.

in Palatio, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the S.W. of the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been built.

2. in praesens sc. tempus, ‘for the present’. Praesens, the pres. participle of praesum, and absens, the pres. participle of absum, are the only forms in which the pres. participle of sum is found.

P. Sulla, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was accused of complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by Cicero and Hortensius—the famous rival of Cicero, and, though certainly guilty, was acquitted, 62 B.C.

mutua ... tacita accepit, ‘accepted as a secret loan....’

sestertium viciens, 2,000,000 sestertii, i.e. about £19,000. The unit for reckoning large sums was the sestertius or nummus (¼ of a denarius, the ordinary silver coin in use, or 2½ asses), in value about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. centum sestertii, mille sestertii, etc. The gen. plur. of sestertius is sestertium, so 2,000 sestertii is duo millia sestertium. This form sestertium in 68 time became treated as if it were a neuter singular. Hence for duo millia sestertium, duo or bina sestertia was written, as the ‘distributive’ form of the numeral was often used. Hence for sums from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 sestertii we have duo or bina sestertia, sexaginta or sexagena sestertia, etc. For sums above 1,000,000 sestertii the numeral adverb was generally employed: thus, 2,000,000 sestertii was written viciens centena (or centum) millia sestertium, which was generally contracted into viciens sestertium, or viciens alone.

4. priusquam emeret. Priusquam and antequam, like other temporal conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but when they introduce an event which is expected, and its occurrence prevented, i.e. when they convey any idea of purpose, they usually require the subjunctive. Cf. note on dum iret, xxv. 5. Translate, “before he could buy.”

quod ... accepisset, ‘that he had accepted.’ Fees to lawyers were illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways.

10. inter ridendum, ‘amidst his laughing.’ Cf. note on the gerund, xiii. 1.

ἀκοινονοητοι (akoinŏnŏētoi), ἀ-κοινος-νοητος (νόησις) #a-koinos-noêtos (noêsis)#, not having common sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works.

11. cum ignoratis, ‘because you do not know that.’ This use of cum with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers (e.g. Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as laudo and gratulor. Later writers do not employ it.

12. patris familias, ‘it is the custom of a prudent and careful master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he wishes to purchase....’ For the genitive, cf. cuiusvis hominis est errare, ‘it is any man’s nature to err,’ etc. The genitive may be explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as indoles, ‘nature,’ officium, ‘duty,’ etc., understood.

XXXIV.

3. Mons Cispius was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on the E. of the Forum.

subeuntes montem. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with prepositions, chiefly prepositions 69 which govern an acc., e.g. adire, circumvenire, adstare, adloqui, oppugnare, etc. But many of these compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an accusative, e.g. adlabi, succedere. Some verbs compounded with prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g. convenire, expugnare, etc.

4. insulam. Insula was a house for poor people, let out in rooms or flats to several families; as opposed to domus, the large mansion of a single wealthy family.

multis ... editam, built to a great height with many floors.

7. magni, nominative, ‘the profits of city property are great.’

8. si quid remedii. For the gen. cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note, ‘if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so constantly at Rome, I would have sold....’

10. venum dedissem. Venum (neuter) is only found in the classical period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses veno, and still later writers venui. Venum do—often written as one word, venumdo, contracted into vendo—is ‘I give for sale’; venum eo—often written veneo—is ‘I am for sale.’ For the acc. cf. pessum dare, ‘I give to destruction,’ and pessum ire, ‘I go to destruction.’

12. annalem undevicensimum, ‘the nineteenth book of the history (annals) of Q. Claudius....’

13. Mitridati, genitive; cf. Oresti, xxxi. 6. note.

14. defenderes, subj. after the dependent interrogative quo.

15. L. Cornelius Sulla, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and died 78 B.C. He first distinguished himself in Africa, when serving under Marius in the campaign against Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to the command of the war against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain this for himself, got a new law passed transferring the command to himself. Sulla thereupon marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius fled, only to return and deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his rival had sailed for the East. The siege of Athens here referred to took place in 86: in 83 Sulla returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the remains of the Marian party, Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was appointed Dictator. He devoted two years to reforming the State, and restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy, 70 and then retired into private life in 79. In the following year he died.

Piraeum. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three harbours of Athens.

XXXV.

1. Arion. This story about Arion comes from the Greek historian Herodotus. Periander was “tyrant” of Corinth from 625 to 585 B.C. Like most of the Greek “tyrants” he was a patron of art and literature.

nobilis is common in the sense of ‘famous,’ as well as in its technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office.

Methymnaeus. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of Lesbos.

5. viseret, the imperf. subj., because proficiscitur is the ‘historical present’ standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.

8. ut notiores, ‘as better known....’

10. in altum, ‘the deep sea.’

11. de necando Arione, gerundial attraction. Cf. xiii. 7. note.

21. carmen ... orthium, Greek νόμος ὄρθιος, lit. the loud, high song, was the name for a shrill, stirring air.

XXXVI.

2. cursum ... tenuerunt, ‘held on their course.’

4. fluitanti sese homini subdidit, ‘placed itself under the floating man.’

5. incolumique corpore et ornatu, abl. absol., ‘carried him to land (devexit) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body and clothes unharmed.’ Taenarum is the acc. of ‘place whither.’

in terram Laconicam, lit. ‘to Taenarum into the land of Laconia.’ So ‘he set out for Carthage in Africa’ is ‘profectus est Carthaginem in Africam.’

6. Taenarum was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, now Cape Matapan.

7. devexit, ‘carried down,’ i.e. to land. The Greeks and 71 Romans spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the ‘high’ sea. Cf. the uses of ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω.

8. talemque, etc., lit. ‘presented himself to King Periander, not expecting him, in the same guise (talem) as he had been in (qualis) (when) carried on the dolphin.’

quasi falleret. Cf. quasi desiperet, xv. 6. note.

12. dissimulanter, secretly, hiding the truth; simulanter, feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form simulanter is post-classical). This distinction between simulo and dissimulo is expressed in the pentameter—

‘you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.’

13. audissent, subj. after the dept. interrogative ‘ecquid.’

unde venissent, subj. because a dept. sentence in the interrogatio obliqua, after interrogavit.

18. ire infitias, ‘to deny.’ For the phrase, cf. ire exequias, ‘to attend a funeral.’ The acc. in these phrases must be compared with the ‘acc. of place whither’ after a verb of motion, e.g. Romam, domum, rus ire; and the acc. of the supine used to express purpose after a verb of motion, e.g. lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego (Horace), ‘Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.’

20. quod, ‘the fact that...,’ introduces the substantival sentence ‘simulacra ... visuntur’ which is the subject of est.

21. delphinus and homo are in opposition with simulacra.

XXXVII.

1. ruris colendi insolens, ‘ignorant of agriculture.’ For the gerundial attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.

3. qui ... sciret, ‘since he knew...,’ the relative when used in a causal sense governs the subjunctive.

10. faceret, subj. after the dept. interrogative cur; ‘he asked why he was making....’

13. gratias agens. The plural gratias is always used with agere; but after referre, debere, sentire, etc., the singular, gratiam, is most commonly found.

15. imperitus goes closely with detruncat. In English we 72 should use the adverb, ‘ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops off....’

vites suas sibi omnes et oleas, ‘all the vines and olives that he possessed.’

18. pomis gignendis felicia, lit. all the twigs ‘productive for bearing fruit,’ i.e. ‘all the fruit-bearing twigs.’ Pomis gignendis is the dative after felicia. For the gerundive attraction cf. xiii. 1. note.

felicia. The root of felix is the same as the root of fecundus (fruitful), fetus (offspring), etc. Hence the earliest meaning of felix is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is used in Lucretius, Ovid, Livy, etc., and the adverb felicius in Verg. (hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae.—Georg. i. 54.)

XXXVIII.

1. Mitridates VI., king of Pontus, 120-63 B.C., was the most powerful foe whom the Romans encountered in the East. The first Mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by Sulla in 84 B.C.; the second, 83-82 B.C., was uneventful; the third, 74-63 B.C., in which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended in the flight and suicide of the king, as described in line 8.

2. quorum ... cavebat, ‘by the continual use of which he protected himself from secret attempts at banquets’; epularum is a descriptive genitive depending on insidiis.

3. quin ... est. Cf. quin quoque, xxxii. 15. note, ‘nay, he even....’

ostentandi gratia, ‘to show off.’

6. in ultima regni, ‘to the most distant parts of his kingdom.’

9. Q. Ennius (239-169 B.C.), though a Greek by birth, spent his life at Rome, and was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry, alter Homerus (Horace). His most important work was the Annales, an epic poem upon the history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings have reached us.

10. Osce. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in Campania.

14. lingua locutus est, ‘he spoke in the tongue and language of each as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.’

XXXIX.

1. eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus, lit. ‘was anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.’

causarum orandi, the genitive orandi depends upon cupidus, and causarum is a genitive depending on the gerund orandi. This construction (instead of the gerundial attraction, or the ordinary acc. after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), ‘we had the power of choosing examples.’

in disciplinam ... sese dedit, ‘entered himself as a pupil of Protagoras,’ lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras.

3. Protagoras, of Abdēra, in Thrace, was born about 480 B.C. and died 411 B.C. He came to Athens before the year 445, and there established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who called himself a ‘Sophist,’ and taught for pay.

daturumque, etc. The order is—promisit se daturum esse grandem pecuniam mercedem, ‘promised to give a large sum as a remuneration....’ Mercedem is in apposition with pecuniam.

6. quo primo die, ‘on the first day on which he pleaded and won a case’; the antecedent primo die is attracted into the relative clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. xxx. 2.

8. causas ... reciperet, ‘did not undertake cases,’ i.e. take briefs.

12. litem ... contestatur is the technical phrase for setting a suit on foot by calling witnesses; ‘he brings an action against Euathlus.’

17. ex sententia, in accordance with the votes of the judges. ‘Sententia’ is an expressed opinion, hence our ‘sentence.’

18. secundum te, ‘in your favour.’

24. pro causa mea senserint, ‘shall have pronounced in my favour.’

XL.

1. proelium Cannense, 216 B.C. Cf. ix. 1. Note the use of the adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., ‘the battle of Cannae.’

2. electos ... misit, ‘sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our captives,’ i.e. ‘selected ten of our captives and sent them to Rome.’ Cp. xxi. 3. note.

3. videretur, ‘if it seemed good to the Roman people.’

4. quos alteri plures acciperent, ‘whom the one side received more (than the other)’; plures is acc. qualifying quos.

5. argenti, etc., ‘a pound and a half of silver by weight.’

6. hoc iusiurandum eos adegit, ‘bound them by this oath.’ Adigere aliquem iusiurandum, or ad iusiurandum, is literally to drive a man to an oath, i.e. to make him take it. After the time of Livy the construction adigere aliquem iure iurando, ‘to bind a man by an oath,’ was more common.

12. postliminio, ‘by the right of postliminium.’ Postliminium is “the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity, or the recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile possession” (Poste’s Gaius, § 129), since a man by hostile capture became the slave of the enemy, and so during the interval of captivity his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The usual derivation given is from post and limen, ‘a returning behind the threshold’; others derive the post from the same root as potestas and possessio.

liberatos religione, ‘freed from their obligation.’

19. quoniam, etc., lit. ‘since, when they had left the enemy’s camp, they had returned to it (eo lem. lit. to the same place) on an imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again left (the camp) not bound by an oath.’

24. censores. Two censors were elected every five years (lustrum); they held office for 18 months. Their duties were (1) to take the census, i.e. the register of the citizens and their property; (2) to exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens, and punish defaulters by the nota censoria, and degrade them in various ways. The consequence of the nota was ignominia.

* The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est pro me.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

The parts of regular verbs are not given.

A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound.